Three-Dimensional Printed Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitutes Designed by a Novel Periodic Minimal Surface Algorithm Are Highly Osteoconductive

Autologous bone remains the gold standard substitute in clinical practice. Therefore, microarchitecture of newly developed synthetic substitutes, which reflects spatial distribution materials scaffold, aims to recapitulate natural microarchitecture. However, is optimized obtain a mechanically stable, lightweight structure adapted biomechanical loading situation. In context application Triply Periodic Minimum Surface (TPMS) algorithm can yield stable microarchitectures that, despite their demanding architectural complexity, be produced by additive manufacturing. this study, we applied TPMS derivative Adaptive Density Minimal Surfaces (ADMS) produce scaffolds from hydroxyapatite (HA) using lithography-based layer-by-layer methodology and compared them with an established highly osteoconductive lattice We characterized for compression strength, osteoconductivity, regeneration. The vivo results, based on rabbit calvaria defect model, showed that bony ingrowth into ADMS constructs as measure osteoconduction depended minimal constriction it limited maximum apparent pore diameter these 1.53 mm. Osteoconduction decreased significantly at 1.76 most suitable was orthogonal noncritical- critical-size calvarial defects. strength microarchitectural integrity were higher when high-connectivity microarchitectures. substitutes high osteoconductivity designed advantages ADMS-based As are true structures mechanical stability amount material, such appear used settings treat defects weight-bearing non-weight-bearing sites.